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Description of the slow crack growth in polymer materials
Trávníček, Lukáš ; Nezbedová,, Eva (referee) ; Padovec,, Zdeněk (referee) ; Hutař, Pavel (advisor)
Požadovaná životnost plastových trubek používaných v tlakových systémech je 50 let. Zároveň je však vyvíjen tlak na použití recyklovaných materiálů, které mají podstatně horší mechanické vlastnosti a samotné je pro výrobu tlakových polymerních potrubí nelze použít. Tyto dvě protichůdné podmínky jdou skloubit pomocí trubky vytvořené z více vrstev, kde pro kritické časti, kterými jsou vnější a vnitřní povrch, je použit moderní odolný materiál. Na druhou stranu pro střední vrstvu, jejíž mechanické vlastnosti nejsou tak důležité z pohledu dlouhodobé životnosti, je možno použit materiál recyklovaný. Hlavním cílem této práce je navrhnout geometrii popsaného vícevrstvého potrubí s využitím recyklovaného materiálu při zachování minimální požadované životnosti. Životnost polymerních trubek je poměrně náročné testovat za běžných provozních podmínek z časových důvodů. Je však možné ji odhadnout, neboť nejčastější mechanismus poškození je pomalé šíření trhliny. Metodika odhadu životnosti využívá parametrů lineární elastické lomové mechaniky pro popis šíření těchto trhlin. Důležitou součástí je pak simulace šíření trhliny v trubce metodou konečných prvků se zohledněním různých typů zatížení, kterým je trubka v provozu vystavena. Mezi tyto zatížení patří reziduální napětí a zatížení způsobené tíhou zeminy, dopravou nebo kameny, pokud je trubka zakopána. Pro určení reziduálního napětí byla vyvinuta metodika, která využívá kombinace experimentů a numerického modelování a která byla také použita. Případ zakopané trubky je také simulován pomocí metody konečných prvků. Část práce je věnována měření rychlosti šíření creepové trhliny pomocí CRB testů (cracked round bar) a následnému vyhodnocení experimentálních dat. Rychlost šíření creepové trhliny spolu s kombinací s výsledky numerického modelování bude použita pro stanovení odhadu životnosti vícevrstvé polymerní trubky obsahující recyklovaný materiál.
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Influence of Friction to the Shear Stress State in the Crack-Front Vicinity
Vlach, Jiří ; Hutař, Pavel (referee) ; Horníková, Jana (advisor)
The aim of this master thesis is to explore the influence of frictional forces to the stress and strain on the straight crack tip loaded in shear modes. The first section summarizes the most important things from the field of fracture mechanics. Especially theoretical knowledge about fracture parameters (stress intensity factor, J – integral) and their determination in computational environment ANSYS Workbench. The second part deals with computational modeling. At the beginning, is created the model of material, the model of geometry, the model of loads, etc. Then it is possible to solve the direct problem outlined in the introduction. A result of this thesis is the assessment of how the friction influences the fracture parameters in shear modes II and III.
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Residual fatigue life estimation of railway wheelset
Pokorný, Pavel ; Zouhar, Michal (referee) ; Náhlík, Luboš (advisor)
The first part of this master's thesis deals with the high cycle fatigue of materials, especially on growing cracks using linear elastic fracture mechanics. Much of this work is focused on the concept of stress intensity factor. This concept is nowadays one of the most widely used concepts for describing a body with crack. The first part ends with theoretical approaches to determine the residual fatigue life of the body with a crack. The second part of this master's thesis is focused on the determination of residual fatigue life of a specified railway wheelset. An existence of crack-like defect is assumed at the railway wheelset. The goal of this master's thesis is to estimate how long it will take to grow from initial defect to a critical crack length. The last part of this master's thesis is devoted to addiction order load cycles on crack growth rate.
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Stress distribution near sharp orthotropic bi-material notch tips
Krepl, Ondřej ; Klusák, Jan (referee) ; Hrstka, Miroslav (advisor)
Presented diploma thesis is concerned with problems of a stress singularity exponent and a generalized stress intensity factor determination, by dint the stress field in the vicinity of the stress concentrator can be consecutively determined. This task is possible to sectionalize into three parts. The first part summarizes basic information about linear anisotropic materials, deals with fundamentals of the linear elastic fracture mechanics and introduces its generalization to the case of the generalized stress intensity factors. The second part is dedicated to a special theory of anisotropic elasticity - Lekhnitskii-Eshelby-Stroh formalism (LES). Furthermore, a theory of the psi-integral is introduced, by dint the stress intensity factor is determined. The final part applies the LES theory and the psi-integral to the concrete material configuration of a crack on the bimaterial interface, a special example of a sharp bimaterial notch. By means of analytical-numerical algorithm in ANSYS and Silverforst FNT95 software the stress singularity exponents and generalised stress intensity factors are consecutively computed.
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Fracture Toughness of Metallic Materials and its Testing
Kosek, Lukáš ; Zapletal, Josef (referee) ; Němec, Karel (advisor)
The purpose of the work is to introduce the basic of the fracture toughness of metallic materials and its measuring under the conditions of the plane strain. There are shown essential concepts of the linear elastic fracture mechanics, which is used for the description of the material behavior at fracture of the material with a crack. It defines stress intensity factor and describes the main elements influencing the fracture toughness. Furthermore, the work contains the particular testing methods, specimens and testing equipments. In the conclusion it recapitulates the availability and the application of the linear elastic fracture mechanics.
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Description of Stress and Strain States at the Front of Cracks Loaded by Shear Modes
Žák, Stanislav ; Majer, Zdeněk (referee) ; Horníková, Jana (advisor)
The main goal of this work is the comparison of the size of the plastic zone at the crack tip for two analysis methods: an analytical linear method and an elastic-plastic analysis employing the Finite Element method (ANSYS software). All calculations were made for a crack loaded under pure shear modes. These types of loading are not sufficiently described in the literature. The first part of this work introduces the problem with the crack tip plastic zone using both linear and nonlinear fracture parameters. The second part is dedicated to the construction of the Finite Element model in the ANSYS software. The geometry of the samples and the loading levels were chosen to match an existing experimental test of the impact of shear modes on the crack behavior. In the third part of this thesis, the plastic zone radii for pure shear modes II and III are estimated using several methods and the results are compared. In the last part of this work, the same procedure as in the previous part is applied on a mixed-mode II+III loading. A result of this thesis is the assessment of the application limits of the linear analysis method used to estimate the size of the plastic zone at the crack tip for a specific geometry and material model.
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Linear elastic fracture mechanics and its application on study of composed materials
Dohnalík, Petr ; Ševeček, Oldřich (referee) ; Máša, Bohuslav (advisor)
The main objective of this bachelor thesis is the introduction to computational methods of fracture parameters of the crack, which terminates at the bi-material interface. The preface of the work deals with composites, where possible crack can grow in materials with different elastic properties. In this part advantages of composite materials are closely described and usual structure arrangements of the components are presented. The next part of this work is focused on the linear elastic fracture mechanics and available concepts for assessment of the body with presence of the crack in the homogenous material are described. These concepts are based on analytical expressions and, also, on numerical methods. This problem is furthermore extended in the next chapter by case, when the crack terminates perpendicularly to the bi-material interface. Here are given procedures, which can provide information about the further crack behaviour. In practical part all presented procedures have been used in order to evaluate the crack parameters in the homogenous material and for the crack terminating at bi-material interface. Necessary calculations were performed using the finite element method implemented in the commercial system ANSYS. Calculated results were compared and closely discussed in the conclusion.
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Elastic Analysis of Crack Stability under Shear Loading Modes
Žák, Stanislav ; Profant, Tomáš (referee) ; Horníková, Jana (advisor)
The main goal of this thesis is to create a numerical simulation of a real experiment for specifying the ultimate state of spread of fatigue crack in pure shear stress modes and to deal with results of simulations for different specimen geometries. The simulations emulate real conditions of the experiment within the frame of linear elastic fracture mechanics. The first part of this work discusses a number of approaches to describe the stability and behaviour of cracks. The second part of this thesis deals with several possibilities of calculating crack characteristics employing ANSYS software. The third and most comprehensive part of the thesis describes the experiment which served as the template for the calculations. In addition, the setup of the simulations and the post-processing of the results for different crack parameters are discussed.
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Mechanical fracture parameters of concrete after exposure to high temperatures
Bejček, Michal ; Keršner, Zbyněk (referee) ; Šimonová, Hana (advisor)
The diploma thesis is focused on the evaluation of mechanical fracture parameters of concrete after exposure to high temperatures. In the introductory theoretical part general principles of fracture mechanics with the concentration on a linear elastic fracture mechanics and non-linear fracture models for the concrete are summarized. The meaning of the three-point bending fracture test used for determination of fracture parameters is also explained. Further the influence of high temperatures on the partial components of concrete and general modeling of temperature loading is described. The practical part is concerned with the evaluation of fire experiments on the concrete panels including numerical simulations using GiD and ATENA software. The evaluation of data obtained from the three-point bending test carried out on specimens with initial stress concentrator taken from concrete panels is a main part of the diploma thesis. The values of modulus of elasticity, effective fracture toughness, work of fracture and fracture energy are determined from the measured F–d and F–CMOD diagrams after their proper corrections in the GTDiPS application. The evaluation of the selected mechanical fracture parameters was performed by StiCrack software using effective crack model and work of fracture method and DKFM_BUT software using the double-K fracture model. Finally, the attention is paid to the analysis of the obtained data.
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Modeling of fracture process in quasi-brittle materials
Klon, Jiří ; Eliáš, Jan (referee) ; Veselý, Václav (advisor)
This work is focused on the evaluation of the selected fracture parameters of quasi-brittle material, especially concrete, and an assessment of their dependence on the size and shape of the fracture process zone developing at the tip of the macroscopic crack during fracture. For this purpose, experimentally obtained loading diagrams published in the scientific literature have been utilized. These diagrams have been processed into a form enabling creation and calibration of numerical models of these tests in the ATENA FEM program. The results obtained from simulations of the three-point bending tests on beams of four sizes, with three notches lengths, using the created numerical models were used for determination of fracture parameters of concrete. Results of the work consist of the determined values of the specific energy dissipated for creation of new surfaces of the effective crack and an estimation of the specific energy dissipated in the volume of the fracture process zone, which exhibits specific parameters for each beam size and notch length.
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